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Conventionalism as the Component of Meaning: Examination of Davidson's View

Hooman Mohammad Ghorbanian, Seyyed Mohammad Ali Hodjati, Lotfollah Nabavi, Arsalan Golfam
Journal PapersThe International Journal of Humanities , Volume 28 , Issue 1, 2021 January 10, {Pages 24-Dec }

Abstract

Davison has two famous articles against conventionalism. The core of his argument is to scrutinize erroneous but successful conversations which happen in language occasionally and conventional meaning cannot explain how the speaker and the listener understand each other in these cases. However, his premises are not clear and it makes it difficult to study and criticize his main point. We believe there are at least five premises such as: 1) The listener comprehends the words the speaker has said in their conventional meaning; 2) If the conversation is successful then the listener has understood the words and sentences in their general first meaning; 3) Sometimes the conversation is successful although there are some misuse of words; 4) In th

Graham Priest on reconstruction of Hegel’s logic and metaphysics in modern logic

Seyyed Mohammad Ali Hodjati, Kasra Farsian
Journal PapersPhilosophical Thought , Volume 1 , Issue 1, 2021 January 10, {Pages 0-0 }

Abstract

In this paper, we will try to reconstruct Hegel’s logic and metaphysics through the modern logic. Graham Priest has claimed that we can read Hegel’s logic with the paraconsistent approach to logic, specially Dialetheism; he calls Hegel a Dialetheist. At first, we report Priest’s account on Hegel’s dialectic and his notion of dialectical contradiction; also, we try to analyze Priest’s argument for calling Hegel a Dialetheist. To achieve the proper comparison between Hegel’s logic and Dialetic one, we explain, non-technically, the simple semantics of a Dialetic logic. And finally, we establish a criticism of Priest’s account in order to reopening the question about Hegel’s being Dialetheist.

Graham Priest on Reconstruction of Hegel’s Logic and Metaphysics in Modern Logic

K Farsian, SMA Hodjati
Journal Papers , , {Pages }

Abstract

Impossibility of Infinite Regress of Sinns on Propositional Attitudes in Frege's theory of Meaning

Mohamad Hadi Soleimani, Seyyed Mohammad Ali Hodjati
Journal PapersPhilosophy and Kalam , Volume 53 , Issue 1, 2020 May 21, {Pages 109-128 }

Abstract

In his theory of meaning, Frege introduces sinn (=sense) as mode of presentation of bedeutung (=referent). Since, in propositional attitudes, ordinary sinn, according to Frege, is itself a bedeutung, there is another sinn, called “indirect sense”, in which the mode of presentation of ordinary sinn is contained. Now in nested propositional attitudes the relation between sinn and bedeutung leads to infinite regress which is not acceptable in a theory of meaning. In the present article, we have examined this regress and concluded that Frege’s theory needs to be amended and that the infinite regress does not arise as a result of such amendment.

Semantic Externalism and Justified Belief about the External World

Hamid Alaeinejad, Seyyed Mohammad Ali Hodjati
Journal PapersPhilosophical Readings , Volume 12 , Issue 3, 2020 July 18, {Pages }

Abstract

Philosophical skepticism about the external world seeks to call into question our knowledge of the external world. Some kinds of philosophical skepticism employ skeptical hypotheses to prove that we cannot know anything about the external world. Putnam tried to refute this kind of skepticism by adopting semantic externalism; but, as is now generally accepted, Putnam’s argument is epistemically circular. Brueckner proposes some new,“simple” arguments that in his view are not circular. In this paper we evaluate Brueckner’s simple arguments for refuting skepticism about the external world, and seek to demonstrate that they fail to prove that we can have knowledge about the external world. However, by appeal to the principle of privileg

Negative facts and Truthmaker for Negative propositions

Amir Jalilighazizadeh, Seyyed Mohammad Ali Hodjati, Mohammad Saeedimehr
Journal PapersLogical Studies , Volume 11 , Issue 2, 2020 September 22, {Pages }

Abstract

According to the maximalism about truthmaker, every true proposition has a truthmaker. One of the challenges faces maximalism is: what kind of entities are truthmakers of negative propositions? There are many solutions suggested by maximalists. One class of these solutions is based on negative entities. In the present paper we first briefly explain the problem. Then we indicate some solutions which are based on negative entities and some objections. These solutions are based on views entitled “totality states of affairs”, “polarity”, “absences” and “fundamental negative facts”. According to the solution based on totality states of affairs, in every negative case, in addition to positive facts the totality of them makes anoth

Semantic Externalism, and Justified Belief about the External World

H Alaeinejad, SMA Hodjati
Journal Papers , , {Pages }

Abstract

Priest on dialetheism: examination of some of his motivations and arguments

Seyyed Mohammad Ali Hodjati, Kasra Farsian
Journal PapersLogical Studies , Volume 10 , Issue 2, 2019 September 23, {Pages }

Abstract

Dialetheism is the view that some (and not all) contradictions are true. Since in classical logic the principle of impossibility of contradiction (the Law of Non-Contradiction, i.e., LNC) is widely accepted, the challenge between dialetheism and classical logic surely occurs. In this paper we have tried to explain the main problem of dialetheim and also examined Graham Priest’s arguments against LNC and his advocating to paraconsistent logic. Accordingly, Priest’s examples of dialetheic propositions in some systems such as Law, Natual and Formal Languages and Actual world are examined and criticized. The result is that if Priest’s argument be sound dialetheism may be acceptable. Dialetheism is the view that some (and not all) contradi

MILLIKAN’S BIOSEMANTIC THEORY, IN OPPOSITION TO MEANING RATIONALISM

HAMED BASTIN, SEYYED MOHAMMAD ALI HODJATI
Journal Papers , Volume 10 , Issue 12500233, 2018 January 1, {Pages 23-Jan }

Abstract

Millikan’s biosemantics theory is only mentioned in the philosophical literature when it comes to have a survey of responses to Putnam’s indeterminacy of referents. The complexity of the theory presented by Millikan, might be one of the main causes of this rarity. Another contributing factor is the vague and often complicated exposition of Millikan's theory. The biosemantics theory is not very well-known among Iranian philosophers and logicians. It is based on natural selection, which is an inseparable part of the theory of evolution. To understand the Millikan’s examples and what she has mentioned in semantic, mind and language, the biological backgrounds are needed. The more important issue as Millikan declares herself and it is als

Millikan’s biosemantic theory; in opposition to meaning rationalism

H Bastin, SMA Hodjati
Journal Papers , , {Pages }

Abstract

Contextualism vs Minimalism in Semantics

Nima Ahmadi, Lotfollah Nabavi, Seyyed Mohammad Ali Hodjati
Journal PapersLogical Studies , Volume 8 , Issue 2, 2017 October 23, {Pages 23-Jan }

Abstract

Contextualism is the main opponent of minimalism. The debate between these two semantical approaches, stem in an old fashion dispute to determine the border between semantics and pragmatics. Contextualists claim that the sentences in the natural language are not truth-evaluable before being enriched pragmatically. In contrast, in minimalists’ viewpoint, there is a minimal semantic content that provides the truth-evaluable meaning of sentences in a way that context of utterance has limited effects on it. This contrast is based on the way and extent to which context affects semantic content. In this paper, after introducing these two approaches, the main arguments of contextualists against minimalist are discussed, then we show that minimal

The Analysis and Evaluation of the Conservativeness in Inferentialism Theory of Meaning

Morteza Mezginejad, Lotfolah Nabavi, Seyyed Mohammad Ali Hodjati
Journal PapersPhilosophy and Kalam , Volume 50 , Issue 1, 2017 March 21, {Pages 119-133 }

Abstract

The logical constants are defined by operational rules in the inferentialism theory of meaning. Arthur Prior’s counterexample (Tonk) makes a major challenge for the inferentialism. He shows that every arbitrary operational rule can describe a logical constant and this makes logical constants defective and incompatible with the system. In response to this problem, Belnap Offers conservativeness and uniqueness requirements for the operational rules. In this paper, we have evaluated the conservativeness requirement. The main question investigated is “how the conservativeness as a criterion provides the necessary and sufficient conditions for logical constant definition?” The hypothesis that we are to establish is the inability to achieve

Evaluation of Horwich Approach to Kripke's Criticisms of Use Theory

Morteza Mezginejad, Seyyed Mohammad Ali Hodjati
Journal PapersLogical Studies , Volume 7 , Issue 2, 2017 March 15, {Pages 97-116 }

Abstract

The main purpose of this article is the Horwich arguments in "Meaning, use and truth ", which is published in the Mind journal (1995). In this article, he defends the idea of Wittgenstein, use theory, in contrast to the arguments raised against the approach. Horwich focus specifically on Kripke's criticism. Kripke in his famous article "Wittgenstein on rules and private language: An elementary exposition " is trying to show that the application cannot provide the meaning. Horwich refuse Kripke argument. For this purpose, he offers both strong and weak interpretation of the premises of Kripke argument and then criticizes both. After review Horwich Criticisms on Kripke we evaluate his criticisms.

The Concept of Representation in Millikan's Biosemantics Theory

Hamed Bastin, Seyyed Mohammad Ali Hodjati
Journal PapersLogical Studies , Volume 7 , Issue 2, 2017 March 15, {Pages 28-Jan }

Abstract

In answer to the Putnam problem about extensional non-determination of language terms, Millikan asks if this problem exists by a new definition of representation according to biological evidences, especially the principle of natural selection. The Millikan’s answer to this question is negative and she believes that the question should be changed to what is that feature, which turns a relation to representation-represented among numerous possible relations between words and objects? Her answer to this question is accorded to a hypothesis that is also the place of disputations and arguments in biology and has its supporters and opponents. Millikan is in the group, which has a historical view to the function and believes that the function of

rigid designation of general terms and trivialization problem

Reza Soltani, Seyyed Mohammad Ali Hodjati
Journal PapersLogical Studies , Volume 8 , Issue 1, 2017 May 22, {Pages 39-62 }

Abstract

Kripke in his famous book, Naming and Necessity, introduces the concept of “rigidity” for designation of singular terms; and by using it, he refutes the Descriptive Theory of Meaning. If a term is rigid it means that it designates the same thing in all possible worlds in which it exists. Kripke, in third lecture, extends the concept of “rigidity” to all natural kind terms. This extension has had several interpretations which can be put into two categories: the sameness in designation, and the essentialist approaches. The sameness in designation approach, however, confronts “the trivialization problem”,i.e. not only natural kind terms, but also all general terms are rigid designators since each of them designates a property which

The Critical Analysis of Davies’ Interpretation of Putnam’s Externalist Argument against Skepticism

Hamid Alaeinejad, Seyyed Mohammad Ali Hodjati
Journal PapersPhilosophy and Kalam , Volume 49 , Issue 1, 2016 March 20, {Pages 75-96 }

Abstract

Skepticism about the external world is a philosophical view that claims we can’t know anything about the external world. Some kinds of philosophical skepticism use skeptical hypothesis to prove that we cannot know anything about the external world. This view has its roots in the fact that we don’t know skeptical hypothesis is wrong. Putnam hold that accepting the semantical externalism refutes this kind of skepticism about the external world. Davies has an important interpretation of Putnam’s argument against the external world skepticism. In this paper, we have logically analyzed and evaluated Davies’ semantical externalism argument against skepticism concerning the external world. The conclusion is that Davies’s argument refutes

Meaningfulness of the Sentences Contained Empty Names A Critique on Marga Reimer’s view

Seyed Mohammad Ali Hojjati, Mohammad Saleh Zarepour
Journal PapersLogical Studies , Volume 6 , Issue 2, 2015 September 23, {Pages 95-109 }

Abstract

Marga Reimer believes that ordinary speakers presuppose Meinongianism and their intuition about the meaningfulness of the sentences contained empty names is based on this fact. We will argue in this paper that her view is not strongly supported. More precisely, there is an alternative view that is incompatible with Reimer's view and as powerful as it in explaining speakers' intuitions. We will argue that there is no plausible reason for preferring Reimer’s view to this proposed alternative.

Critical Thinking; The Analysis and Criticism of Some Definitions

SEYYED MOHAMMAD ALI HODJATI, MOHAMMAD MEHDI KHOSRAVANI
Journal Papers , Volume 47 , Issue 200151, 2014 January , {Pages 183-202 }

Abstract

“Critical thinking” is a way of thinking and also is a title for an area of knowledge stemmed from Dewey in the philosophy of education. Inthis article, after analyzing and criticizing some of the most notable definitions of critical thinking, we will show that most thinkers believe that critical thinking, as a general area of knowledge, is possible. Finally, arguing for the plausibility of the approaches that focus on critical thinking as a process, and the idea that the “differences” between views are not “oppositions”, we conclude that Richard Paul’s view is the most comprehensive position. And the suggestion (made implicitly) is that critical thinking is not just apedagogical matter, and demands some philosophical discussi

In Defense of Paul Horwich's Theory of Meaning against Critics

Seyyed Mohammad Ali Hodjati, Hooman Mohammad Ghorbanian, Lotfollah Nabavi, Arsalan Golfam
Journal PapersPhilosophy and Kalam , Volume 47 , Issue 1, 2014 April 21, {Pages 31-46 }

Abstract

To complete “the use theory of meaning”, Paul Horwich put forward a new thesis upon which some usages of a word have explanatory role and justify the overall use-regularities of that word. These specific usages have a basic acceptance property which makes them believable in user’s belief system and, like a semantic axiom, make other usages justified. But, there are still some usages that cannot be explained. In this article, at first, through conceptual and logical method, we prove that although acceptance property justifies main usages of the word, for non-usual usages of the word, some properties similar to acceptance property can be assumed. Secondly, we try to find some connection between these properties through suggesting that m

Permutation argument against Metaphysical realism

Seyyed Mohammad Ali Hodjati, Salman Panahi
Journal PapersLogical Studies , Volume 4 , Issue 2, 2013 September 23, {Pages 43-64 }

Abstract

Realism is an intuitive idea which most people accept explicitly or implicitly. It is hard to find someone who does not accept mind-independent things or the relation between truth and states of affairs; however, how the connection between language and reality can be stated is a controversial issue, at least among philosophers. Based on the most popular theories about the problem, there is a direct correspondence between lingual elements and external world. At first glance, it seems acceptable, like many other intuitive ideas, but further examination reveals some dissatisfactions. Hilary Putnam, well known American contemporary philosopher, has criticized such a point of view (‘Metaphysical Realism’ as he has called), partly using model

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